或 (or)

The truth-functional connective of disjunction.

Ontology

SUMO / STRUCTURAL-ONTOLOGY

Class(es)

邏輯運算元

或

Coordinate term(s)

若且唯若若和推知存在所有非

Type restrictions

or(SUO-KIF表述式, SUO-KIF表述式)

Related WordNet synsets

See more related synsets on a separate page.

Axioms (61)

If rel 的論元 number 是 class1 的實例 and rel 的論元 number 是 class2 的實例, then class1 是 class2 的次種類 or class2 是 class1 的次種類.

(=>
      (and
            (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
            (domain ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS2))
      (or
            (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
            (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

If rel 的論元 number 是 class1 的次種類 and rel 的論元 number 是 class2 的次種類, then class1 是 class2 的次種類 or class2 是 class1 的次種類.

(=>
      (and
            (domainSubclass ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS1)
            (domainSubclass ?REL ?NUMBER ?CLASS2))
      (or
            (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
            (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

If rel 的範圍是 class1 的實例 and rel 的範圍是 class2 的實例, then class1 是 class2 的次種類 or class2 是 class1 的次種類.

(=>
      (and
            (range ?REL ?CLASS1)
            (range ?REL ?CLASS2))
      (or
            (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
            (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

If 被 rel 歸回的值是 class1的次種類 and 被 rel 歸回的值是 class2的次種類, then class1 是 class2 的次種類 or class2 是 class1 的次種類.

(=>
      (and
            (rangeSubclass ?REL ?CLASS1)
            (rangeSubclass ?REL ?CLASS2))
      (or
            (subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
            (subclass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1)))

abs 是抽象的的實例 if and only if there doesn't exist point so that abs 位於 point or abs (不) 存在s point 期間.

(<=>
      (instance ?ABS Abstract)
      (not
            (exists
                  (?POINT)
                  (or
                        (located ?ABS ?POINT)
                        (time ?ABS ?POINT)))))

number1 小於或等於 number2 if and only if number1 等於 number2 or number1 小於 number2.

(<=>
      (lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (or
            (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
            (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

number1 大於或等於 number2 if and only if number1 等於 number2 or number1 (不) 大於 number2.

(<=>
      (greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
      (or
            (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
            (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

if rel 是反身關係的實例,
then if rel(inst1,inst2) (不) 成立s or rel(inst2,inst1) (不) 成立s, then rel(inst1,inst1) (不) 成立s

(=>
      (instance ?REL ReflexiveRelation)
      (=>
            (or
                  (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
                  (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))
            (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST1)))

rel 是二元關係的實例
rel 的論元是 class1 的實例 or rel 的論元是 class1 的次種類
rel 的論元是 class2 的實例 or rel 的論元是 class2 的次種類 or rel 的範圍是 class2 的實例 or 被 rel 歸回的值是 class2的次種類
class1 無交集於 class2

, then rel 是不對稱關係的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?REL BinaryRelation)
            (or
                  (domain ?REL 1 ?CLASS1)
                  (domainSubclass ?REL 1 ?CLASS1))
            (or
                  (domain ?REL 2 ?CLASS2)
                  (domainSubclass ?REL 2 ?CLASS2)
                  (range ?REL ?CLASS2)
                  (rangeSubclass ?REL ?CLASS2))
            (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
      (instance ?REL AsymmetricRelation))

If rel 是三角關係的實例, then for all inst1,inst2 holds: rel(inst1,inst2) (不) 成立s or inst1 等於 inst2 or rel(inst2,inst1) (不) 成立s.

(=>
      (instance ?REL TrichotomizingRelation)
      (forall
            (?INST1 ?INST2)
            (or
                  (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
                  (equal ?INST1 ?INST2)
                  (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))

If rel 是全序關係的實例, then for all inst1,inst2 holds: rel(inst1,inst2) (不) 成立s or rel(inst2,inst1) (不) 成立s.

(=>
      (instance ?REL TotalOrderingRelation)
      (forall
            (?INST1 ?INST2)
            (or
                  (holds ?REL ?INST1 ?INST2)
                  (holds ?REL ?INST2 ?INST1))))

If formula1 是 SUO-KIF表述式的實例 and formula2 是 SUO-KIF表述式的實例, then formula1 (不）增�[s) %2 的可能性 or formula1 (不）降低s) %2 的可能性 or formula1 和 formula2 的或然率是獨立的.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?FORMULA1 Formula)
            (instance ?FORMULA2 Formula))
      (or
            (increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
            (decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)
            (independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2)))

if relation 對 class 是三分法,
then for all inst1,inst2 holds: if inst1 是 class 的實例 and inst2 是 class 的實例, then relation(inst1,inst2) (不) 成立s or relation(inst2,inst1) (不) 成立s or inst1 等於 inst2

(=>
      (trichotomizingOn ?RELATION ?CLASS)
      (forall
            (?INST1 ?INST2)
            (=>
                  (and
                        (instance ?INST1 ?CLASS)
                        (instance ?INST2 ?CLASS))
                  (or
                        (holds ?RELATION ?INST1 ?INST2)
                        (holds ?RELATION ?INST2 ?INST1)
                        (equal ?INST1 ?INST2)))))

If obj1 橫越 obj2, then obj1 與 obj2 相交 or 穿入(obj1,obj2) holds.

(=>
      (traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (or
            (crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
            (penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

"number1 的絕對值" 等於 number2 and number1 是實數的實例 and number2 是實數的實例 if and only if

number1 是非負實數的實例 and number1 等於 number2
number1 是負實數的實例 and number2 等於 "(-number1)"

(<=>
      (and
            (equal
                  (AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER1)
                  ?NUMBER2)
            (instance ?NUMBER1 RealNumber)
            (instance ?NUMBER2 RealNumber))
      (or
            (and
                  (instance ?NUMBER1 NonnegativeRealNumber)
                  (equal ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
            (and
                  (instance ?NUMBER1 NegativeRealNumber)
                  (equal
                        ?NUMBER2
                        (SubtractionFn 0 ?NUMBER1)))))

If "number1 和 number2 的最大值 " 等於 number, then

number 等於 number1 and number1 (不) 大於 number2
number 等於 number2 and number2 (不) 大於 number1
number 等於 number1 and number 等於 number2

(=>
      (equal
            (MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
            ?NUMBER)
      (or
            (and
                  (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
                  (greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
            (and
                  (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2)
                  (greaterThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
            (and
                  (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
                  (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2))))

If "number1 和 number2 的最小值 " 等於 number, then

number 等於 number1 and number1 小於 number2
number 等於 number2 and number2 小於 number1
number 等於 number1 and number 等於 number2

(=>
      (equal
            (MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)
            ?NUMBER)
      (or
            (and
                  (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
                  (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2))
            (and
                  (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2)
                  (lessThan ?NUMBER2 ?NUMBER1))
            (and
                  (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER1)
                  (equal ?NUMBER ?NUMBER2))))

if prime 是質數的實例,
then for all number holds: if "prime 取餘數 number" 等於 , then number 等於 or number 等於 prime

(=>
      (instance ?PRIME PrimeNumber)
      (forall
            (?NUMBER)
            (=>
                  (equal
                        (RemainderFn ?PRIME ?NUMBER)
                        0)
                  (or
                        (equal ?NUMBER 1)
                        (equal ?NUMBER ?PRIME)))))

if "整數 1" 等於 number2,
then
- if "(number1-"最大整數小於或等於 number1")" 小於 , then number2 等於 "最大整數小於或等於 number1"
- if "(number1-"最大整數小於或等於 number1")" 大於或等於 , then number2 等於 "number1 的上限"

(=>
      (equal
            (RoundFn ?NUMBER1)
            ?NUMBER2)
      (or
            (=>
                  (lessThan
                        (SubtractionFn
                              ?NUMBER1
                              (FloorFn ?NUMBER1))
                        0.5)
                  (equal
                        ?NUMBER2
                        (FloorFn ?NUMBER1)))
            (=>
                  (greaterThanOrEqualTo
                        (SubtractionFn
                              ?NUMBER1
                              (FloorFn ?NUMBER1))
                        0.5)
                  (equal
                        ?NUMBER2
                        (CeilingFn ?NUMBER1)))))

If number 是非負實數的實例, then "number 的正負號" 等於 or "number 的正負號" 等於 .

(=>
      (instance ?NUMBER NonnegativeRealNumber)
      (or
            (equal
                  (SignumFn ?NUMBER)
                  1)
            (equal
                  (SignumFn ?NUMBER)
                  0)))

if superclass 是成對獨立類的實例,
then for all class1,class2 holds: if class1 是 superclass 的實例 and class2 是 superclass 的實例, then class1 等於 class2 or class1 無交集於 class2

(=>
      (instance ?SUPERCLASS PairwiseDisjointClass)
      (forall
            (?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
            (=>
                  (and
                        (instance ?CLASS1 ?SUPERCLASS)
                        (instance ?CLASS2 ?SUPERCLASS))
                  (or
                        (equal ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)
                        (disjoint ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2)))))

If graph 是圖的實例 and node1 是圖節點的實例 and node2 是圖節點的實例 and node1 是 graph 的部分 and node2 是 graph 的部分 and node1 等於 node2, then there exist arc,path so that

arc (沒) 連結not(s) node1 和 node2
- path 是 graph 的次圖
- path 是圖路徑的實例
- - "path 的最初�`點" 等於 node1 and "path 的最後�`點" 等於 node2
  - "path 的最初�`點" 等於 node2 and "path 的最後�`點" 等於 node1

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?GRAPH Graph)
            (instance ?NODE1 GraphNode)
            (instance ?NODE2 GraphNode)
            (graphPart ?NODE1 ?GRAPH)
            (graphPart ?NODE2 ?GRAPH)
            (not
                  (equal ?NODE1 ?NODE2)))
      (exists
            (?ARC ?PATH)
            (or
                  (links ?NODE1 ?NODE2 ?ARC)
                  (and
                        (subGraph ?PATH ?GRAPH)
                        (instance ?PATH GraphPath)
                        (or
                              (and
                                    (equal
                                          (BeginNodeFn ?PATH)
                                          ?NODE1)
                                    (equal
                                          (EndNodeFn ?PATH)
                                          ?NODE2))
                              (and
                                    (equal
                                          (BeginNodeFn ?PATH)
                                          ?NODE2)
                                    (equal
                                          (EndNodeFn ?PATH)
                                          ?NODE1)))))))

if
- "path 的路�|長量值" 等於 sum
- subpath 是 path 的次圖
- arc1 是 path 的部分
- arc1 的弧線量是 number1
- for all arc2 holds: if arc2 是 path 的部分, then arc2 是 subpath 的部分 or arc2 等於 arc1
,
then sum 等於 "("subpath 的路�|長量值"+number1)"

(=>
      (and
            (equal
                  (PathWeightFn ?PATH)
                  ?SUM)
            (subGraph ?SUBPATH ?PATH)
            (graphPart ?ARC1 ?PATH)
            (arcWeight ?ARC1 ?NUMBER1)
            (forall
                  (?ARC2)
                  (=>
                        (graphPart ?ARC2 ?PATH)
                        (or
                              (graphPart ?ARC2 ?SUBPATH)
                              (equal ?ARC2 ?ARC1)))))
      (equal
            ?SUM
            (AdditionFn
                  (PathWeightFn ?SUBPATH)
                  ?NUMBER1)))

if
- "path 的路�|長量值" 等於 sum
- arc1 是 path 的部分
- arc2 是 path 的部分
- arc1 的弧線量是 number1
- arc2 的弧線量是 number2
- for all arc3 holds: if arc3 是 path 的部分, then arc3 等於 arc1 or arc3 等於 arc2
,
then "path 的路�|長量值" 等於 "(number1+number2)"

(=>
      (and
            (equal
                  (PathWeightFn ?PATH)
                  ?SUM)
            (graphPart ?ARC1 ?PATH)
            (graphPart ?ARC2 ?PATH)
            (arcWeight ?ARC1 ?NUMBER1)
            (arcWeight ?ARC2 ?NUMBER2)
            (forall
                  (?ARC3)
                  (=>
                        (graphPart ?ARC3 ?PATH)
                        (or
                              (equal ?ARC3 ?ARC1)
                              (equal ?ARC3 ?ARC2)))))
      (equal
            (PathWeightFn ?PATH)
            (AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)))

If point1 (沒) 發生?{s} 在 point2 或之前, then point1 (沒) 發生?{s} 在 point2 之前 or point1 等於 point2.

(=>
      (beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
      (or
            (before ?POINT1 ?POINT2)
            (equal ?POINT1 ?POINT2)))

If leap 是閏年的實例 and leap 等於 "number 年(s)", then

"number 取餘數 " 等於 and "number 取餘數 " 等於
"number 取餘數 " 等於

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?LEAP LeapYear)
            (equal
                  ?LEAP
                  (MeasureFn ?NUMBER Year)))
      (or
            (and
                  (equal
                        (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 4)
                        0)
                  (not
                        (equal
                              (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 100)
                              0)))
            (equal
                  (RemainderFn ?NUMBER 400)
                  0)))

if "interval 分解成 ? interval-types" 等於 class,
then for all time1,time2 holds: if time1 是 class 的實例 and time2 是 class 的實例 and time1 等於 time2, then time1 (沒) 相接s time2 or time2 (沒) 相接s time1 or time1 (沒) 比 time2 較早發生not(s) or time2 (沒) 比 time1 較早發生not(s)

(=>
      (equal
            (TemporalCompositionFn ?INTERVAL ?INTERVAL-TYPE)
            ?CLASS)
      (forall
            (?TIME1 ?TIME2)
            (=>
                  (and
                        (instance ?TIME1 ?CLASS)
                        (instance ?TIME2 ?CLASS)
                        (not
                              (equal ?TIME1 ?TIME2)))
                  (or
                        (meetsTemporally ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
                        (meetsTemporally ?TIME2 ?TIME1)
                        (earlier ?TIME1 ?TIME2)
                        (earlier ?TIME2 ?TIME1)))))

If obj1 與 obj2 相連, then obj1 (沒) 接觸s obj2 or obj1 (沒) 與 obj2 重�|s.

(=>
      (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
      (or
            (meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
            (overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

If obj3 等於 "obj1 和 obj2 的聯集", then for all part holds: part 是 obj3 的部分) if and only if part 是 obj1 的部分) or part 是 obj2 的部分).

(=>
      (equal
            ?OBJ3
            (MereologicalSumFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
      (forall
            (?PART)
            (<=>
                  (part ?PART ?OBJ3)
                  (or
                        (part ?PART ?OBJ1)
                        (part ?PART ?OBJ2)))))

If hole 在 obj1 是 �} and obj1 是 obj2 的部分), then hole (沒) 與 obj2 重�|s or hole 在 obj2 是 �}.

(=>
      (and
            (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ1)
            (part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2))
      (or
            (overlapsSpatially ?HOLE ?OBJ2)
            (hole ?HOLE ?OBJ2)))

If subproc 是 proc 的次歷�{, then "subproc 存在的時間" 等於 "proc 存在的時間" or "subproc 存在的時間" (沒) 發生not(s) 在 "proc 存在的時間" 期間.

(=>
      (subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC)
      (or
            (equal
                  (WhenFn ?SUBPROC)
                  (WhenFn ?PROC))
            (during
                  (WhenFn ?SUBPROC)
                  (WhenFn ?PROC))))

If proc 是器官或組織歷程的實例, then there exists thing so that proc 位於 thing and thing 是器官的實例 or thing 是組織的實例.

(=>
      (instance ?PROC OrganOrTissueProcess)
      (exists
            (?THING)
            (and
                  (located ?PROC ?THING)
                  (or
                        (instance ?THING Organ)
                        (instance ?THING Tissue)))))

If poison 是中毒的實例, then there exists thing so that thing 是 poison 的受事者 and thing 是生物體的實例 or thing 是解剖構造的實例.

(=>
      (instance ?POISON Poisoning)
      (exists
            (?THING)
            (and
                  (patient ?POISON ?THING)
                  (or
                        (instance ?THING Organism)
                        (instance ?THING AnatomicalStructure)))))

If act 是組織性的歷程的實例 and act 是 agent 的施事者, then

agent 是組織的實例
there exists 組織 org so that agent 是 org的成員

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?ACT OrganizationalProcess)
            (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
      (or
            (instance ?AGENT Organization)
            (exists
                  (?ORG)
                  (and
                        (instance ?ORG Organization)
                        (member ?AGENT ?ORG)))))

If act 是宗教歷程的實例 and act 是 agent 的施事者, then

agent 是宗教組織的實例
there exists 宗教組織 org so that agent 是 org的成員

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?ACT ReligiousProcess)
            (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
      (or
            (instance ?AGENT ReligiousOrganization)
            (exists
                  (?ORG)
                  (and
                        (member ?AGENT ?ORG)
                        (instance ?ORG ReligiousOrganization)))))

If proc 是政治歷程的實例, then there exists 政府 gov so that proc 是 gov 的施事者 or gov 是 proc 的受事者.

(=>
      (instance ?PROC PoliticalProcess)
      (exists
            (?GOV)
            (and
                  (instance ?GOV Government)
                  (or
                        (agent ?PROC ?GOV)
                        (patient ?PROC ?GOV)))))

If proc 是方向的改變的實例, then there exists 方向屬性 attr so that

proc 以方式 attr 執行 ""proc 存在的時間" 不久之前"a(之中) "proc 存在的時間" 不久之前 and proc 以方式 attr 執行 ""proc 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "proc 存在的時間" 不久之後
proc 以方式 attr 執行 ""proc 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "proc 存在的時間" 不久之後 and proc 以方式 attr 執行 ""proc 存在的時間" 不久之前"a(之中) "proc 存在的時間" 不久之前

(=>
      (instance ?PROC DirectionChange)
      (exists
            (?ATTR)
            (and
                  (instance ?ATTR DirectionalAttribute)
                  (or
                        (and
                              (holdsDuring
                                    (ImmediatePastFn
                                          (WhenFn ?PROC))
                                    (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))
                              (holdsDuring
                                    (ImmediateFutureFn
                                          (WhenFn ?PROC))
                                    (not
                                          (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))))
                        (and
                              (holdsDuring
                                    (ImmediateFutureFn
                                          (WhenFn ?PROC))
                                    (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))
                              (holdsDuring
                                    (ImmediatePastFn
                                          (WhenFn ?PROC))
                                    (not
                                          (manner ?PROC ?ATTR))))))))

If predict 是預測的實例 and formula 是 predict 的受事者, then there exists time so that formula (沒) 為真 timea(之中) time and time (沒) 發生?{s} 在 "predict 存在的時間" 之前 or time (沒) 比 "predict 存在的時間" 較早發生not(s).

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?PREDICT Predicting)
            (patient ?PREDICT ?FORMULA))
      (exists
            (?TIME)
            (and
                  (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA)
                  (or
                        (before
                              ?TIME
                              (WhenFn ?PREDICT))
                        (earlier
                              ?TIME
                              (WhenFn ?PREDICT))))))

If remember 是記憶的實例 and formula 是 remember 的受事者, then there exists time so that formula (沒) 為真 timea(之中) time and time (沒) 發生?{s} 在 "remember 存在的時間" 之前 or time (沒) 比 "remember 存在的時間" 較早發生not(s).

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?REMEMBER Remembering)
            (patient ?REMEMBER ?FORMULA))
      (exists
            (?TIME)
            (and
                  (holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA)
                  (or
                        (before
                              ?TIME
                              (WhenFn ?REMEMBER))
                        (earlier
                              ?TIME
                              (WhenFn ?REMEMBER))))))

If proc 是治療歷程的實例 and bio 是 proc 的受事者, then

bio 是生物體的實例
there exists 生物體 org so that bio 是 org 的部分)

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?PROC TherapeuticProcess)
            (patient ?PROC ?BIO))
      (or
            (instance ?BIO Organism)
            (exists
                  (?ORG)
                  (and
                        (instance ?ORG Organism)
                        (part ?BIO ?ORG)))))

proc 是化學歷程的實例
stuff 對 proc 是資源 or stuff 是 proc 的結果

, then stuff 是純物質的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?PROC ChemicalProcess)
            (or
                  (resource ?PROC ?STUFF)
                  (result ?PROC ?STUFF)))
      (instance ?STUFF PureSubstance))

If change 是內在改變的實例 and obj 是 change 的受事者, then there exists property so that

property 是 obj 的屬性 ""change 存在的時間" 不久之前"a(之中) "change 存在的時間" 不久之前 and property 是 obj 的屬性 ""change 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "change 存在的時間" 不久之後
property 是 obj 的屬性 ""change 存在的時間" 不久之前"a(之中) "change 存在的時間" 不久之前 and property 是 obj 的屬性 ""change 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "change 存在的時間" 不久之後

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?CHANGE InternalChange)
            (patient ?CHANGE ?OBJ))
      (exists
            (?PROPERTY)
            (or
                  (and
                        (holdsDuring
                              (ImmediatePastFn
                                    (WhenFn ?CHANGE))
                              (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))
                        (holdsDuring
                              (ImmediateFutureFn
                                    (WhenFn ?CHANGE))
                              (not
                                    (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))
                  (and
                        (holdsDuring
                              (ImmediatePastFn
                                    (WhenFn ?CHANGE))
                              (not
                                    (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))
                        (holdsDuring
                              (ImmediateFutureFn
                                    (WhenFn ?CHANGE))
                              (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))))

If alt 是形狀改變的實例 and obj 是 alt 的受事者, then there exists 形狀屬性 property so that

property 是 obj 的屬性 ""alt 存在的時間" 不久之前"a(之中) "alt 存在的時間" 不久之前 and property 是 obj 的屬性 ""alt 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "alt 存在的時間" 不久之後
property 是 obj 的屬性 ""alt 存在的時間" 不久之前"a(之中) "alt 存在的時間" 不久之前 and property 是 obj 的屬性 ""alt 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "alt 存在的時間" 不久之後

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?ALT ShapeChange)
            (patient ?ALT ?OBJ))
      (exists
            (?PROPERTY)
            (and
                  (instance ?PROPERTY ShapeAttribute)
                  (or
                        (and
                              (holdsDuring
                                    (ImmediatePastFn
                                          (WhenFn ?ALT))
                                    (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))
                              (holdsDuring
                                    (ImmediateFutureFn
                                          (WhenFn ?ALT))
                                    (not
                                          (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY))))
                        (and
                              (holdsDuring
                                    (ImmediatePastFn
                                          (WhenFn ?ALT))
                                    (not
                                          (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))
                              (holdsDuring
                                    (ImmediateFutureFn
                                          (WhenFn ?ALT))
                                    (attribute ?OBJ ?PROPERTY)))))))

If wet 是濕潤的實例 and obj 是 wet 的受事者, then 濕的是 obj 的屬性 or 潮濕是 obj 的屬性 ""wet 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "wet 存在的時間" 不久之後.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?WET Wetting)
            (patient ?WET ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring
            (ImmediateFutureFn
                  (WhenFn ?WET))
            (or
                  (attribute ?OBJ Wet)
                  (attribute ?OBJ Damp))))

If declare 是宣告的實例 and declare 是 agent1 的施事者, then there exist proc,agent2 so that declare 賦予 agent2 權力執行類型 proc 任務 or declare 賦予 agent2 義務執行類型 proc 任務.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?DECLARE Declaring)
            (agent ?DECLARE ?AGENT1))
      (exists
            (?PROC ?AGENT2)
            (or
                  (confersRight ?PROC ?DECLARE ?AGENT2)
                  (confersObligation ?PROC ?DECLARE ?AGENT2))))

if war 是戰爭的實例 and war 是 agent 的施事者,
then
- agent 是國家的實例
- - agent 是組織的實例
  - for all member holds: if member 是 agent的成員, then member 是國家的實例

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?WAR War)
            (agent ?WAR ?AGENT))
      (or
            (instance ?AGENT Nation)
            (and
                  (instance ?AGENT Organization)
                  (forall
                        (?MEMBER)
                        (=>
                              (member ?MEMBER ?AGENT)
                              (instance ?MEMBER Nation))))))

If land1 是陸地的實例, then there exists land2 so that land1 是 land2 的部分) and land2 是大陸的實例 or land2 是島嶼的實例.

(=>
      (instance ?LAND1 LandArea)
      (exists
            (?LAND2)
            (and
                  (part ?LAND1 ?LAND2)
                  (or
                        (instance ?LAND2 Continent)
                        (instance ?LAND2 Island)))))

If parent 是 child 的雙親, then parent 是 child 的母親 or parent 是 child 的父親.

(=>
      (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT)
      (or
            (mother ?CHILD ?PARENT)
            (father ?CHILD ?PARENT)))

If cover 是軀體表面（覆蓋物）的實例, then there exists body so that cover 是 body的 �~表部分 and body 是生物體的實例 or body 是軀體部件的實例.

(=>
      (instance ?COVER BodyCovering)
      (exists
            (?BODY)
            (and
                  (superficialPart ?COVER ?BODY)
                  (or
                        (instance ?BODY Organism)
                        (instance ?BODY BodyPart)))))

If doc 是證書的實例 and agent (沒) 擁有not(s) doc, then there exists proc so that doc 賦予 agent 權力執行類型 proc 任務 or doc 賦予 agent 義務執行類型 proc 任務.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?DOC Certificate)
            (possesses ?AGENT ?DOC))
      (exists
            (?PROC)
            (or
                  (confersRight ?PROC ?DOC ?AGENT)
                  (confersObligation ?PROC ?DOC ?AGENT))))

If building 是建築物的實例, then there exists 人類 human so that

human 住s 在 building
there exists act so that act 是 human 的施事者 and act 位於 building

(=>
      (instance ?BUILDING Building)
      (exists
            (?HUMAN)
            (and
                  (instance ?HUMAN Human)
                  (or
                        (inhabits ?HUMAN ?BUILDING)
                        (exists
                              (?ACT)
                              (and
                                    (agent ?ACT ?HUMAN)
                                    (located ?ACT ?BUILDING)))))))

If weapon 是武器的實例, then weapon 有意圖 "there exist 損害 dest,patient so that patient 是 dest 的受事者 and

patient 是固定人造物的實例
patient 是動物的實例
there exists 動物 animal so that animal 住s 在 patient

(=>
      (instance ?WEAPON Weapon)
      (hasPurpose
            ?WEAPON
            (exists
                  (?DEST ?PATIENT)
                  (and
                        (instance ?DEST Damaging)
                        (patient ?DEST ?PATIENT)
                        (or
                              (instance ?PATIENT StationaryArtifact)
                              (instance ?PATIENT Animal)
                              (exists
                                    (?ANIMAL)
                                    (and
                                          (instance ?ANIMAL Animal)
                                          (inhabits ?ANIMAL ?PATIENT))))))))

If comp1 與 comp2 連結, then comp1 是工程連結元件的實例 and comp2 是工程連結元件的實例.

(=>
      (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2)
      (not
            (or
                  (instance ?COMP1 EngineeringConnection)
                  (instance ?COMP2 EngineeringConnection))))

If item 有屬性 value and value 是真值的實例, then item 是句子的實例 or item 是命題的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (property ?ITEM ?VALUE)
            (instance ?VALUE TruthValue))
      (or
            (instance ?ITEM Sentence)
            (instance ?ITEM Proposition)))

If obj1 對 obj2 是在...之下, then obj2 對 obj1 是在...上 or obj2 對 obj1 是在...之上.

(=>
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Below)
      (or
            (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 On)
            (orientation ?OBJ2 ?OBJ1 Above)))

If obj1 對 obj2 是鄰近的, then obj1 對 obj2 是接近 or obj1 與 obj2 相連.

(=>
      (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Adjacent)
      (or
            (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 Near)
            (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

If attr 是 obj 的屬性 and attr 是競爭屬性的實例, then there exists 競爭 contest so that contest 是 obj 的施事者 or obj 是 contest 的受事者.

(=>
      (and
            (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR)
            (instance ?ATTR ContestAttribute))
      (exists
            (?CONTEST)
            (and
                  (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
                  (or
                        (agent ?CONTEST ?OBJ)
                        (patient ?CONTEST ?OBJ)))))

If entity 有屬性承諾, then entity 有屬性契約 or entity 有屬性單方承諾.

(=>
      (property ?ENTITY Promise)
      (or
            (property ?ENTITY Contract)
            (property ?ENTITY NakedPromise)))

If obj 是物體的實例, then 單色的是 obj 的屬性 or 多彩的是 obj 的屬性.

(=>
      (instance ?OBJ Object)
      (or
            (attribute ?OBJ Monochromatic)
            (attribute ?OBJ Polychromatic)))

If obj 是自身連續物體的實例, then 可變形的是 obj 的屬性 or 不易彎曲的是 obj 的屬性.

(=>
      (instance ?OBJ SelfConnectedObject)
      (or
            (attribute ?OBJ Pliable)
            (attribute ?OBJ Rigid)))

entity 是 "class1 和 class2 的聯集" 的實例 if and only if entity 是 class1 的實例 or entity 是 class2 的實例.

(<=>
      (instance
            ?ENTITY
            (UnionFn ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2))
      (or
            (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS1)
            (instance ?ENTITY ?CLASS2)))