施事者 (agent)

(agent process agent) means that agent is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process process, with or without voluntary intention. For example, water is the agent of erosion in the following proposition: the water eroded the coastline. For another example, Eve is an agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.

Ontology

SUMO / BASE-ONTOLOGY

Class(es)

種類

可繼承關係

格位角色

施事者

Coordinate term(s)

終點方向經驗者起源路徑受事者

Type restrictions

agent(歷程, 施事者)

Related WordNet synsets

agency: the state of being in action or exerting power; "the agency of providence"; "she has free agency"
act, move: perform an action; "think before you act"; "We must move quickly"
agential: of or relating to an agent or agency

See more related synsets on a separate page.

Axioms (74)

If lang 是動物語言的實例 and proc 是 agent 的施事者 and lang 對 proc 是工具, then agent 是動物的實例 and agent 是人類的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?LANG AnimalLanguage)
            (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
            (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
      (and
            (instance ?AGENT Animal)
            (not
                  (instance ?AGENT Human))))

If lang 是電腦語言的實例 and proc 是 agent 的施事者 and lang 對 proc 是工具, then agent 是機器的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?LANG ComputerLanguage)
            (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
            (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
      (instance ?AGENT Machine))

If lang 是人類語言的實例 and proc 是 agent 的施事者 and lang 對 proc 是工具, then agent 是人類的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?LANG HumanLanguage)
            (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
            (instrument ?PROC ?LANG))
      (instance ?AGENT Human))

agent 是施事者的實例 if and only if there exists proc so that proc 是 agent 的施事者.

(<=>
      (instance ?AGENT Agent)
      (exists
            (?PROC)
            (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)))

If process 是歷程的實例, then there exists cause so that process 是 cause 的施事者.

(=>
      (instance ?PROCESS Process)
      (exists
            (?CAUSE)
            (agent ?PROCESS ?CAUSE)))

If obj (不) 利用not(s) agent, then there exists process so that process 是 agent 的施事者 and obj 對 process 是資源.

(=>
      (exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT)
      (exists
            (?PROCESS)
            (and
                  (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
                  (resource ?PROCESS ?OBJ))))

If 有技巧(proc,agent) holds, then agent 可以任角色施事者做 proc.

(=>
      (hasSkill ?PROC ?AGENT)
      (capability ?PROC agent ?AGENT))

If agent 有權使 process 為真, then agent 可以任角色施事者做 process.

(=>
      (holdsRight ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
      (capability ?PROCESS agent ?AGENT))

If agent 有義務執行類型 process 任務, then agent 可以任角色施事者做 process.

(=>
      (holdsObligation ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
      (capability ?PROCESS agent ?AGENT))

If agent 使用 obj, then there exists proc so that proc 是 agent 的施事者 and obj 對 proc 是工具.

(=>
      (uses ?OBJ ?AGENT)
      (exists
            (?PROC)
            (and
                  (agent ?PROC ?AGENT)
                  (instrument ?PROC ?OBJ))))

If digest 是消化的實例 and digest 是 organism 的施事者, then there exists 攝食 ingest so that ingest 是 organism 的施事者 and "digest 存在的時間" (沒) 與 1 ?重疊s.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?DIGEST Digesting)
            (agent ?DIGEST ?ORGANISM))
      (exists
            (?INGEST)
            (and
                  (instance ?INGEST Ingesting)
                  (agent ?INGEST ?ORGANISM)
                  (overlapsTemporally
                        (WhenFn ?INGEST)
                        (WhenFn ?DIGEST)))))

If rep 是複製的實例 and rep 是 parent 的施事者 and child 是 rep 的結果, then parent 是 child 的雙親.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?REP Replication)
            (agent ?REP ?PARENT)
            (result ?REP ?CHILD))
      (parent ?CHILD ?PARENT))

If proc 是意向性歷程的實例 and proc 是 agent 的施事者, then there exists purp so that proc 對agent 有意圖 purp.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
            (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))
      (exists
            (?PURP)
            (hasPurposeForAgent ?PROC ?PURP ?AGENT)))

If proc 是意向性歷程的實例, then there exists 具認知力施事者 agent so that proc 是 agent 的施事者.

(=>
      (instance ?PROC IntentionalProcess)
      (exists
            (?AGENT)
            (and
                  (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
                  (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))))

If act 是組織性的歷程的實例 and act 是 agent 的施事者, then

agent 是組織的實例
there exists 組織 org so that agent 是 org的成員

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?ACT OrganizationalProcess)
            (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
      (or
            (instance ?AGENT Organization)
            (exists
                  (?ORG)
                  (and
                        (instance ?ORG Organization)
                        (member ?AGENT ?ORG)))))

If act 是宗教歷程的實例 and act 是 agent 的施事者, then

agent 是宗教組織的實例
there exists 宗教組織 org so that agent 是 org的成員

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?ACT ReligiousProcess)
            (agent ?ACT ?AGENT))
      (or
            (instance ?AGENT ReligiousOrganization)
            (exists
                  (?ORG)
                  (and
                        (member ?AGENT ?ORG)
                        (instance ?ORG ReligiousOrganization)))))

If join 是加入組織的實例 and org 是組織的實例 and join 是 org 的施事者 and person 是 join 的受事者, then person 是 org的成員 ""join 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "join 存在的時間" 不久之後.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?JOIN JoiningAnOrganization)
            (instance ?ORG Organization)
            (agent ?JOIN ?ORG)
            (patient ?JOIN ?PERSON))
      (holdsDuring
            (ImmediateFutureFn
                  (WhenFn ?JOIN))
            (member ?PERSON ?ORG)))

If leave 是脫離組織的實例 and org 是組織的實例 and leave 是 org 的施事者 and person 是 leave 的受事者, then person 是 org的成員 ""leave 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "leave 存在的時間" 不久之後.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?LEAVE LeavingAnOrganization)
            (instance ?ORG Organization)
            (agent ?LEAVE ?ORG)
            (patient ?LEAVE ?PERSON))
      (holdsDuring
            (ImmediateFutureFn
                  (WhenFn ?LEAVE))
            (not
                  (member ?PERSON ?ORG))))

If grad 是畢業的實例 and grad 是 org 的施事者 and person 是 grad 的受事者, then org 是教育組織的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?GRAD Graduation)
            (agent ?GRAD ?ORG)
            (patient ?GRAD ?PERSON))
      (instance ?ORG EducationalOrganization))

If mat 是正式入學的實例 and mat 是 org 的施事者 and person 是 mat 的受事者, then org 是教育組織的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?MAT Matriculation)
            (agent ?MAT ?ORG)
            (patient ?MAT ?PERSON))
      (instance ?ORG EducationalOrganization))

If hire 是僱用的實例 and org 是組織的實例 and hire 是 org 的施事者 and person 是 hire 的受事者, then org (沒) 雇用not(s) person ""hire 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "hire 存在的時間" 不久之後.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?HIRE Hiring)
            (instance ?ORG Organization)
            (agent ?HIRE ?ORG)
            (patient ?HIRE ?PERSON))
      (holdsDuring
            (ImmediateFutureFn
                  (WhenFn ?HIRE))
            (employs ?ORG ?PERSON)))

If fire 是解僱的實例 and org 是組織的實例 and fire 是 org 的施事者 and person 是 fire 的受事者, then org not(沒) 雇用(s) person ""fire 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "fire 存在的時間" 不久之後.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?FIRE TerminatingEmployment)
            (instance ?ORG Organization)
            (agent ?FIRE ?ORG)
            (patient ?FIRE ?PERSON))
      (holdsDuring
            (ImmediateFutureFn
                  (WhenFn ?FIRE))
            (not
                  (employs ?ORG ?PERSON))))

If proc 是政治歷程的實例, then there exists 政府 gov so that proc 是 gov 的施事者 or gov 是 proc 的受事者.

(=>
      (instance ?PROC PoliticalProcess)
      (exists
            (?GOV)
            (and
                  (instance ?GOV Government)
                  (or
                        (agent ?PROC ?GOV)
                        (patient ?PROC ?GOV)))))

If motion 是身體移動的實例, then there exist 軀體部件 obj,生物體 agent so that obj 是 motion 的受事者 and motion 是 agent 的施事者.

(=>
      (instance ?MOTION BodyMotion)
      (exists
            (?OBJ ?AGENT)
            (and
                  (instance ?OBJ BodyPart)
                  (patient ?MOTION ?OBJ)
                  (instance ?AGENT Organism)
                  (agent ?MOTION ?AGENT))))

If walk 是行走的實例 and walk 是 agent 的施事者, then there exists 陸地 area so that agent 位於 area.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?WALK Walking)
            (agent ?WALK ?AGENT))
      (exists
            (?AREA)
            (and
                  (instance ?AREA LandArea)
                  (located ?AGENT ?AREA))))

If swim 是遊泳的實例 and swim 是 agent 的施事者, then there exists 水域 area so that agent 位於 area.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?SWIM Swimming)
            (agent ?SWIM ?AGENT))
      (exists
            (?AREA)
            (and
                  (instance ?AREA WaterArea)
                  (located ?AGENT ?AREA))))

If transfer 是轉移或轉換的實例 and transfer 是 agent 的施事者 and patient 是 transfer 的受事者, then agent 等於 patient.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?TRANSFER Transfer)
            (agent ?TRANSFER ?AGENT)
            (patient ?TRANSFER ?PATIENT))
      (not
            (equal ?AGENT ?PATIENT)))

If touch 是觸動的實例 and touch 是 obj1 的施事者 and obj2 是 touch 的受事者, then obj1 與 obj2 相連 ""touch 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "touch 存在的時間" 不久之後.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?TOUCH Touching)
            (agent ?TOUCH ?OBJ1)
            (patient ?TOUCH ?OBJ2))
      (holdsDuring
            (ImmediateFutureFn
                  (WhenFn ?TOUCH))
            (connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))

If give 是給與的實例 and give 是 agent1 的施事者 and give (不) 終結not(s) agent2 and agent2 是施事者的實例 and obj 是 give 的受事者, then there exists 獲取 get so that get 是 agent2 的施事者 and get (不) �_源s 於 agent1 and obj 是 get 的受事者.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?GIVE Giving)
            (agent ?GIVE ?AGENT1)
            (destination ?GIVE ?AGENT2)
            (instance ?AGENT2 Agent)
            (patient ?GIVE ?OBJ))
      (exists
            (?GET)
            (and
                  (instance ?GET Getting)
                  (agent ?GET ?AGENT2)
                  (origin ?GET ?AGENT1)
                  (patient ?GET ?OBJ))))

If give 是給與的實例 and give 是 agent 的施事者, then give (不) �_源s 於 agent.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?GIVE Giving)
            (agent ?GIVE ?AGENT))
      (origin ?GIVE ?AGENT))

There exists 借取 borrow so that borrow 是 agent1 的施事者 and borrow (不) �_源s 於 agent2 and object 是 borrow 的受事者 if and only if there exists 借予 lend so that lend 是 agent2 的施事者 and lend (不) 終結not(s) agent1 and object 是 lend 的受事者.

(<=>
      (exists
            (?BORROW)
            (and
                  (instance ?BORROW Borrowing)
                  (agent ?BORROW ?AGENT1)
                  (origin ?BORROW ?AGENT2)
                  (patient ?BORROW ?OBJECT)))
      (exists
            (?LEND)
            (and
                  (instance ?LEND Lending)
                  (agent ?LEND ?AGENT2)
                  (destination ?LEND ?AGENT1)
                  (patient ?LEND ?OBJECT))))

If get 是獲取的實例 and get 是 agent 的施事者, then get (不) 終結not(s) agent.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?GET Getting)
            (agent ?GET ?AGENT))
      (destination ?GET ?AGENT))

If trans 是交易的實例, then there exist agent1,agent2,給與 give1,給與 give2,obj1,obj2 so that give1 是 trans 的次歷�{ and give2 是 trans 的次歷�{ and give1 是 agent1 的施事者 and give2 是 agent2 的施事者 and obj1 是 give1 的受事者 and obj2 是 give2 的受事者 and give1 (不) 終結not(s) agent2 and give2 (不) 終結not(s) agent1 and agent1 等於 agent2 and obj1 等於 obj2.

(=>
      (instance ?TRANS Transaction)
      (exists
            (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?GIVE1 ?GIVE2 ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)
            (and
                  (instance ?GIVE1 Giving)
                  (instance ?GIVE2 Giving)
                  (subProcess ?GIVE1 ?TRANS)
                  (subProcess ?GIVE2 ?TRANS)
                  (agent ?GIVE1 ?AGENT1)
                  (agent ?GIVE2 ?AGENT2)
                  (patient ?GIVE1 ?OBJ1)
                  (patient ?GIVE2 ?OBJ2)
                  (destination ?GIVE1 ?AGENT2)
                  (destination ?GIVE2 ?AGENT1)
                  (not
                        (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))
                  (not
                        (equal ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2)))))

If buy 是買的實例 and buy 是 agent 的施事者, then buy (不) 終結not(s) agent.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?BUY Buying)
            (agent ?BUY ?AGENT))
      (destination ?BUY ?AGENT))

There exists 買 buy so that buy 是 agent1 的施事者 and buy (不) �_源s 於 agent2 and object 是 buy 的受事者 if and only if there exists 銷售 sell so that sell 是 agent2 的施事者 and sell (不) 終結not(s) agent1 and object 是 sell 的受事者.

(<=>
      (exists
            (?BUY)
            (and
                  (instance ?BUY Buying)
                  (agent ?BUY ?AGENT1)
                  (origin ?BUY ?AGENT2)
                  (patient ?BUY ?OBJECT)))
      (exists
            (?SELL)
            (and
                  (instance ?SELL Selling)
                  (agent ?SELL ?AGENT2)
                  (destination ?SELL ?AGENT1)
                  (patient ?SELL ?OBJECT))))

If sell 是銷售的實例 and sell 是 agent 的施事者, then sell (不) �_源s 於 agent.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?SELL Selling)
            (agent ?SELL ?AGENT))
      (origin ?SELL ?AGENT))

If learn 是學習的實例 and learn 是 agent 的施事者, then agent 是具認知力施事者的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?LEARN Learning)
            (agent ?LEARN ?AGENT))
      (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent))

If there exists 學習 learn so that learn 是 agent 的施事者 and prop 是 learn 的受事者 timea(之中) time, then agent (不)相信 prop "time 不久之後"a(之中) time 不久之後.

(=>
      (holdsDuring
            ?TIME
            (exists
                  (?LEARN)
                  (and
                        (instance ?LEARN Learning)
                        (agent ?LEARN ?AGENT)
                        (patient ?LEARN ?PROP))))
      (holdsDuring
            (ImmediateFutureFn ?TIME)
            (believes ?AGENT ?PROP)))

If agent 是具認知力施事者的實例, then agent 可以任角色施事者做推理.

(=>
      (instance ?AGENT CognitiveAgent)
      (capability Reasoning agent ?AGENT))

If meas 是測量的實例 and meas 是 agent 的施事者 and obj 是 meas 的受事者, then there exist quant,unit so that agent (不）知道s) %2 ""meas 存在的時間" 不久之後"a(之中) "meas 存在的時間" 不久之後.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?MEAS Measuring)
            (agent ?MEAS ?AGENT)
            (patient ?MEAS ?OBJ))
      (exists
            (?QUANT ?UNIT)
            (holdsDuring
                  (ImmediateFutureFn
                        (WhenFn ?MEAS))
                  (knows
                        ?AGENT
                        (measure
                              ?OBJ
                              (MeasureFn ?QUANT ?UNIT))))))

If count 是計數的實例 and count 是 agent 的施事者 and entity 是 count 的受事者, then there exists number so that agent (不）知道s) %2.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?COUNT Counting)
            (agent ?COUNT ?AGENT)
            (patient ?COUNT ?ENTITY))
      (exists
            (?NUMBER)
            (knows
                  ?AGENT
                  (equal
                        (CardinalityFn ?ENTITY)
                        ?NUMBER))))

If keep 是保有的實例 and keep 是 agent 的施事者 and obj 是 keep 的受事者, then there exists 放置 put so that put 是 agent 的施事者 and obj 是 put 的受事者 and "put 存在的時間" (沒) 比 "keep 存在的時間" 較早發生not(s).

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?KEEP Keeping)
            (agent ?KEEP ?AGENT)
            (patient ?KEEP ?OBJ))
      (exists
            (?PUT)
            (and
                  (instance ?PUT Putting)
                  (agent ?PUT ?AGENT)
                  (patient ?PUT ?OBJ)
                  (earlier
                        (WhenFn ?PUT)
                        (WhenFn ?KEEP)))))

If kill 是殺害的實例 and kill 是 agent 的施事者 and patient 是 kill 的受事者, then agent 是生物體的實例 and patient 是生物體的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?KILL Killing)
            (agent ?KILL ?AGENT)
            (patient ?KILL ?PATIENT))
      (and
            (instance ?AGENT Organism)
            (instance ?PATIENT Organism)))

If poke 是戳的實例 and poke 是 agent 的施事者 and obj 是 poke 的受事者 and inst 對 poke 是工具, then inst 連結 agent 和 obj "poke 存在的時間"a(之中) poke 存在的時間.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?POKE Poking)
            (agent ?POKE ?AGENT)
            (patient ?POKE ?OBJ)
            (instrument ?POKE ?INST))
      (holdsDuring
            (WhenFn ?POKE)
            (connects ?INST ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

If search 是探尋的實例 and search 是 agent 的施事者 and entity 是 search 的受事者, then agent 在 entity 範圍中.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?SEARCH Searching)
            (agent ?SEARCH ?AGENT)
            (patient ?SEARCH ?ENTITY))
      (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY))

If pursue 是追的實例 and pursue 是 agent 的施事者 and obj 是 pursue 的受事者, then agent (不) 想要not(s) obj pursuea(之中) pursue.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
            (agent ?PURSUE ?AGENT)
            (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring
            ?PURSUE
            (wants ?AGENT ?OBJ)))

If pursue 是追的實例 and pursue 是 agent 的施事者 and obj 是 pursue 的受事者, then agent not(沒) 擁有(s) obj pursuea(之中) pursue.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?PURSUE Pursuing)
            (agent ?PURSUE ?AGENT)
            (patient ?PURSUE ?OBJ))
      (holdsDuring
            ?PURSUE
            (not
                  (possesses ?AGENT ?OBJ))))

If investigate 是調查的實例 and investigate 是 agent 的施事者 and prop 是 investigate 的受事者, then agent not(不）知道 "investigate 存在的時間"a(之中) investigate 存在的時間.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?INVESTIGATE Investigating)
            (agent ?INVESTIGATE ?AGENT)
            (patient ?INVESTIGATE ?PROP))
      (holdsDuring
            (WhenFn ?INVESTIGATE)
            (not
                  (knows ?AGENT ?PROP))))

If proc 是診斷歷程的實例 and proc 是 agent 的施事者, then there exists cause so that proc 對agent 有意圖 "agent (不）知道s) %2".

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?PROC DiagnosticProcess)
            (agent ?PROC ?AGENT))
      (exists
            (?CAUSE)
            (hasPurposeForAgent
                  ?PROC
                  (knows
                        ?AGENT
                        (causes ?CAUSE ?PROC))
                  ?AGENT)))

If interaction 是人際互動的實例, then there exist agent1,agent2 so that interaction 是 agent1 的施事者 and interaction 是 agent2 的施事者 and agent1 等於 agent2.

(=>
      (instance ?INTERACTION SocialInteraction)
      (exists
            (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
            (and
                  (agent ?INTERACTION ?AGENT1)
                  (agent ?INTERACTION ?AGENT2)
                  (not
                        (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)))))

If communicate 是溝通的實例, then there exist 內容載體 obj,具認知力施事者 agent1,具認知力施事者 agent2 so that obj 是 communicate 的受事者 and communicate 是 agent1 的施事者 and communicate (不) 終結not(s) agent2.

(=>
      (instance ?COMMUNICATE Communication)
      (exists
            (?OBJ ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
            (and
                  (instance ?OBJ ContentBearingObject)
                  (patient ?COMMUNICATE ?OBJ)
                  (instance ?AGENT1 CognitiveAgent)
                  (agent ?COMMUNICATE ?AGENT1)
                  (instance ?AGENT2 CognitiveAgent)
                  (destination ?COMMUNICATE ?AGENT2))))

If state 是敘述的實例 and state 是 agent 的施事者 and formula 是 state 的受事者 and formula 是 SUO-KIF表述式的實例, then agent (不)相信 formula "state 存在的時間"a(之中) state 存在的時間.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?STATE Stating)
            (agent ?STATE ?AGENT)
            (patient ?STATE ?FORMULA)
            (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
      (holdsDuring
            (WhenFn ?STATE)
            (believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA)))

If request 是請求的實例 and request 是 agent 的施事者 and formula 是 request 的受事者 and formula 是 SUO-KIF表述式的實例, then agent (不) 冀求not(s) formula.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?REQUEST Requesting)
            (agent ?REQUEST ?AGENT)
            (patient ?REQUEST ?FORMULA)
            (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
      (desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA))

If question 是詢問的實例 and question 是 agent 的施事者 and formula 是 question 的受事者 and formula 是 SUO-KIF表述式的實例, then agent not(不）知道 "question 存在的時間"a(之中) question 存在的時間.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?QUESTION Questioning)
            (agent ?QUESTION ?AGENT)
            (patient ?QUESTION ?FORMULA)
            (instance ?FORMULA Formula))
      (holdsDuring
            (WhenFn ?QUESTION)
            (not
                  (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA))))

If express 是表達的實例 and express 是 agent 的施事者, then there exists 心理狀態 state so that state 是 agent 的屬性 and express 表達 state.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?EXPRESS Expressing)
            (agent ?EXPRESS ?AGENT))
      (exists
            (?STATE)
            (and
                  (instance ?STATE StateOfMind)
                  (attribute ?AGENT ?STATE)
                  (represents ?EXPRESS ?STATE))))

If declare 是宣告的實例 and declare 是 agent1 的施事者, then there exist proc,agent2 so that declare 賦予 agent2 權力執行類型 proc 任務 or declare 賦予 agent2 義務執行類型 proc 任務.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?DECLARE Declaring)
            (agent ?DECLARE ?AGENT1))
      (exists
            (?PROC ?AGENT2)
            (or
                  (confersRight ?PROC ?DECLARE ?AGENT2)
                  (confersObligation ?PROC ?DECLARE ?AGENT2))))

if cooperate 是合作的實例,
then there exists purp so that for all agent holds: if cooperate 是 agent 的施事者, then cooperate 對agent 有意圖 purp

(=>
      (instance ?COOPERATE Cooperation)
      (exists
            (?PURP)
            (forall
                  (?AGENT)
                  (=>
                        (agent ?COOPERATE ?AGENT)
                        (hasPurposeForAgent ?COOPERATE ?PURP ?AGENT)))))

If meet 是會面的實例 and meet 是 agent1 的施事者 and meet 是 agent2 的施事者, then agent1 對 agent2 是接近 "meet 存在的時間"a(之中) meet 存在的時間.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?MEET Meeting)
            (agent ?MEET ?AGENT1)
            (agent ?MEET ?AGENT2))
      (holdsDuring
            (WhenFn ?MEET)
            (orientation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 Near)))

If meet 是會面的實例, then there exist agent1,agent2 so that meet 是 agent1 的施事者 and meet 是 agent2 的施事者 and meet 有意圖 "there exists 溝通 comm so that comm 是 agent1 的施事者 and comm 是 agent2 的施事者".

(=>
      (instance ?MEET Meeting)
      (exists
            (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2)
            (and
                  (agent ?MEET ?AGENT1)
                  (agent ?MEET ?AGENT2)
                  (hasPurpose
                        ?MEET
                        (exists
                              (?COMM)
                              (and
                                    (instance ?COMM Communication)
                                    (agent ?COMM ?AGENT1)
                                    (agent ?COMM ?AGENT2)))))))

If contest 是競爭的實例, then there exist agent1,agent2,purp1,purp2 so that contest 是 agent1 的施事者 and contest 是 agent2 的施事者 and contest 對agent1 有意圖 purp1 and contest 對agent2 有意圖 purp2 and agent1 等於 agent2 and purp1 等於 purp2.

(=>
      (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
      (exists
            (?AGENT1 ?AGENT2 ?PURP1 ?PURP2)
            (and
                  (agent ?CONTEST ?AGENT1)
                  (agent ?CONTEST ?AGENT2)
                  (hasPurposeForAgent ?CONTEST ?PURP1 ?AGENT1)
                  (hasPurposeForAgent ?CONTEST ?PURP2 ?AGENT2)
                  (not
                        (equal ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2))
                  (not
                        (equal ?PURP1 ?PURP2)))))

if war 是戰爭的實例 and war 是 agent 的施事者,
then
- agent 是國家的實例
- - agent 是組織的實例
  - for all member holds: if member 是 agent的成員, then member 是國家的實例

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?WAR War)
            (agent ?WAR ?AGENT))
      (or
            (instance ?AGENT Nation)
            (and
                  (instance ?AGENT Organization)
                  (forall
                        (?MEMBER)
                        (=>
                              (member ?MEMBER ?AGENT)
                              (instance ?MEMBER Nation))))))

If percept 是知覺的實例 and percept 是 agent 的施事者, then agent 是動物的實例.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?PERCEPT Perception)
            (agent ?PERCEPT ?AGENT))
      (instance ?AGENT Animal))

If percept 是知覺的實例 and percept 是 agent 的施事者 and object 是 percept 的受事者, then agent (沒) �`意到not(s) object.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?PERCEPT Perception)
            (agent ?PERCEPT ?AGENT)
            (patient ?PERCEPT ?OBJECT))
      (notices ?AGENT ?OBJECT))

If see 是看的實例 and see 是 agent 的施事者 and obj 是 see 的受事者, then

被光照的是 obj 的屬性
there exists 顏色屬性 prop so that agent (不）知道s) %2

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?SEE Seeing)
            (agent ?SEE ?AGENT)
            (patient ?SEE ?OBJ))
      (and
            (attribute ?OBJ Illuminated)
            (exists
                  (?PROP)
                  (and
                        (instance ?PROP ColorAttribute)
                        (knows
                              ?AGENT
                              (attribute ?OBJ ?PROP))))))

If emit 是聲音的實例 and emit 是 sound 的施事者, then there exists 聲音屬性 attr so that attr 是 sound 的屬性.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?EMIT RadiatingSound)
            (agent ?EMIT ?SOUND))
      (exists
            (?ATTR)
            (and
                  (instance ?ATTR SoundAttribute)
                  (attribute ?SOUND ?ATTR))))

If virus 是病毒的實例 and proc 是複製的實例 and proc 是 virus 的施事者, then there exists 細胞 cell so that proc 位於 cell.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?VIRUS Virus)
            (instance ?PROC Replication)
            (agent ?PROC ?VIRUS))
      (exists
            (?CELL)
            (and
                  (located ?PROC ?CELL)
                  (instance ?CELL Cell))))

If 作者(agent,text) holds, then there exist process,text instance so that process 是 agent 的施事者 and text 是 process 的結果.

(=>
      (authors ?AGENT ?TEXT)
      (exists
            (?PROCESS ?INSTANCE)
            (and
                  (agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
                  (instance ?INSTANCE ?TEXT)
                  (result ?PROCESS ?TEXT))))

org 出版 text if and only if there exists 出版 pub so that pub 是 org 的施事者 and text 是 pub 的受事者.

(<=>
      (publishes ?ORG ?TEXT)
      (exists
            (?PUB)
            (and
                  (instance ?PUB Publication)
                  (agent ?PUB ?ORG)
                  (patient ?PUB ?TEXT))))

If building 是建築物的實例, then there exists 人類 human so that

human 住s 在 building
there exists act so that act 是 human 的施事者 and act 位於 building

(=>
      (instance ?BUILDING Building)
      (exists
            (?HUMAN)
            (and
                  (instance ?HUMAN Human)
                  (or
                        (inhabits ?HUMAN ?BUILDING)
                        (exists
                              (?ACT)
                              (and
                                    (agent ?ACT ?HUMAN)
                                    (located ?ACT ?BUILDING)))))))

If pol 是政治組織的實例, then there exists 政治歷程 proc so that proc 是 pol 的施事者.

(=>
      (instance ?POL PoliticalOrganization)
      (exists
            (?PROC)
            (and
                  (instance ?PROC PoliticalProcess)
                  (agent ?PROC ?POL))))

If agent 有義務執行類型 process 任務, then 陳述 "there exists process instance so that instance 是 agent 的施事者" 有義務的型態意義.

(=>
      (holdsObligation ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
      (modalAttribute
            (exists
                  (?INSTANCE)
                  (and
                        (instance ?INSTANCE ?PROCESS)
                        (agent ?INSTANCE ?AGENT)))
            Obligation))

If agent 有權使 process 為真, then 陳述 "there exists process instance so that instance 是 agent 的施事者" 有許可的型態意義.

(=>
      (holdsRight ?PROCESS ?AGENT)
      (modalAttribute
            (exists
                  (?INSTANCE)
                  (and
                        (instance ?INSTANCE ?PROCESS)
                        (agent ?INSTANCE ?AGENT)))
            Permission))

If attr 是 obj 的屬性 and attr 是競爭屬性的實例, then there exists 競爭 contest so that contest 是 obj 的施事者 or obj 是 contest 的受事者.

(=>
      (and
            (attribute ?OBJ ?ATTR)
            (instance ?ATTR ContestAttribute))
      (exists
            (?CONTEST)
            (and
                  (instance ?CONTEST Contest)
                  (or
                        (agent ?CONTEST ?OBJ)
                        (patient ?CONTEST ?OBJ)))))

If organism 是生物體的實例 and process 是 organism 的施事者, then 活的是 organism 的屬性 "process 存在的時間"a(之中) process 存在的時間.

(=>
      (and
            (instance ?ORGANISM Organism)
            (agent ?PROCESS ?ORGANISM))
      (holdsDuring
            (WhenFn ?PROCESS)
            (attribute ?ORGANISM Living)))